Beyond Cost Reduction: Mengungkap Cost Pressure melalui Cost Structure Decomposition untuk Continuous Improvement pada PT Tunas Baru Lampung Tbk Periode 2021–2025

Abstract

Manufacturing companies may experience cost pressure even when sales grow, as increases in input and production costs can absorb revenue and weaken profit margins. This study aims to analyze changes in the cost structure of PT Tunas Baru Lampung Tbk (TBLA) during 2021–2025 using a cost structure decomposition approach, identify the main sources of cost pressure, and formulate continuous improvement priorities. The study uses a descriptive quantitative case study with secondary data from TBLA annual reports for 2021–2025. The analysis decomposes cost of goods sold into raw material and finished goods purchases, factory overhead, indirect materials, depreciation and amortization, and direct labor. Each component is evaluated based on its share of cost of goods sold, annual growth, and component cost-to-sales ratio, while overall cost pressure is assessed through the cost-to-sales ratio, gross profit, and gross profit margin. The findings show that raw materials and finished goods purchases dominate the cost structure, contributing 85.43%–91.13% of cost of goods sold. Although net sales increased from Rp15.97 trillion in 2021 to Rp22.88 trillion in 2025, the cost-to-sales ratio increased from 80.34% to 83.39%, while gross profit margin declined from 19.66% to 16.61%. The results indicate that cost pressure is primarily concentrated in raw material and finished goods costs and inventory dynamics. Therefore, continuous improvement should prioritize raw material efficiency, supply and inventory management, production efficiency, and asset utilization.